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Identification of the mechanism(s) responsible for drug reinforcement is a key step in understanding the mechanism of reinforcement learning. but has so far proven elusive.The dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. located within the ventral mesencephalon. are a central locus for drug reinforcement.Even a single exposure to cocaine is sufficient to alter the biophysical properties of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) on dopamine neurons.

The University of Texas at San Antonio
Paladini, Carlos

Saliva performs a number of extremely important biological functions that are instrumental in maintaining oral health. It has been estimated that more than 5 million people in the US suffers from salivary gland dysfunction. Secretion of saliva is driven by concerted activities of a number of ion channels and transporters. Although, it is believed that calcium is the primary intracellular factor that regulates fluid secretion, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of cytosolic calcium is not clearly understood.

UT Health San Antonio
Singh, Brij B