Awake behavior is accompanied by fluctuations in vigilance shaping the overall activity state of the brain tooptimize cellular and circuit activity. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for such brain state-dependentadjustments in neural activity are not well understood. Using a mouse locomotion paradigm we have recentlyfound that the transition from a resting state to active locomotion is associated with release of theneurotransmitter norepinephrine and leads to Ca2+ activation of astroglia.

Awake behavior is accompanied by fluctuations in vigilance shaping the overall activity state of the brain tooptimize cellular and circuit activity. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for such brain state-dependentadjustments in neural activity are not well understood. Using a mouse locomotion paradigm we have recentlyfound that the transition from a resting state to active locomotion is associated with release of theneurotransmitter norepinephrine and leads to Ca2+ activation of astroglia.

The malignant brain tumor Glioblastoma (GBM) is a tragic illness for patients and families due to poor patientprognosis, with only 9.8% of patients surviving past 5 years. Only modest gains in survival have been madedespite decades of research, therefore, a better understanding of the basic biology of this disease is needed toimprove patient outcomes. Hypoxia is characteristic of GBM and many other tumors, and is increased by theanti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab, which is commonly used for recurrent GBM tumors.

The malignant brain tumor Glioblastoma (GBM) is a tragic illness for patients and families due to poor patientprognosis, with only 9.8% of patients surviving past 5 years. Only modest gains in survival have been madedespite decades of research, therefore, a better understanding of the basic biology of this disease is needed toimprove patient outcomes. Hypoxia is characteristic of GBM and many other tumors, and is increased by theanti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab, which is commonly used for recurrent GBM tumors.