Candidiasis has remained the most common opportunistic oral infection in HIV positive individuals and AIDSpatients. Even following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) approximately 30% ofAIDS patients acquire oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Candida albicans, the main causative agent of OPC,forms complex aggregated microbial communities, known as biofilms, on host oral mucosal surfaces whichplay an important role in establishing infections called ?oral thrush?. C.

Infectious diseases pose a significant public health burden, accounting for nearly one-fifth of deaths globallyper annum. Most infections are initiated from a restricted mucosal tissue, such as the intestine. To fightintestinal infections, gut-resident immune cells are superior to circulating ones. There is a surge of recentinterest in tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that have been shown to be a critical adaptive immunecomponent of mucosal immunity. These cells have been flagged as an ideal cell population to be generated inT cell-based vaccines.

Numerous studies indicate that women and men differ in prevalence of pain disorders or pain intensity,possibly due to sexually dimorphic differences in detection, processing or responses to noxious stimuli. Here,we propose to study a peripheral sexually dimorphic pain mechanism that occurs in humans. The importanceof this complex problem has been emphasized by recent NIH policies (NOT OD 15-102).

Inhibition of the renal SGLT2 transporter has proven to be an effective therapeutic interventionto reduce plasma glucose levels and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients. The glycemic-loweringefficacy of the SGLT2 inhibitors results from two distinct mechanisms: (i) induction ofglucosuria, which amounts to ~70-90 grams per day and (ii) amelioration of glucotoxicity leadingto increased insulin sensitivity in muscle and improved beta cell function (JCI 124:509-514,2014).